Economics & Growth | EEMEA | Rates
Convexity and Duration as Factors in Bond Market Investment
- By Sam van de Schootbrugge
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- 8 min read
Summary
- In this explainer, we cover how to price a bond, how to use duration to predict bond price changes, and how to use convexity to get better estimates of profit and loss.
- The material covers a Macro Hive YouTube video, and Excel examples follow those provided in ‘Fixed Income Mathematics’ by Robert Zipf.
Understanding the Bond Market, Duration and Convexity
Bond market concepts can be daunting. Many require an understanding of compound interest, present values, discounting, and differential calculus. In this explainer, we go through all the things an investor needs to know to understand the concepts of duration and convexity in bond market investing. And we will supplement the explainer with a number of graphs, charts and examples in Excel.
What Is a Bond?
A bond is simply a tradable loan. It comprises a principal amount, equivalently known as the bond’s face or par value, which equals the amount borrowed. It also contains periodic ‘fixed’ interest payments that are usually paid annually (e.g., France or Germany) or semi-annually (e.g., the US) at a predetermined coupon rate.
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The principal amount is then paid back, alongside the final interest payment, on the date the bond matures, i.e. the maturity date. Typically, short-dated bonds are those with a maturity of fewer than five years. Intermediate bonds or the belly of the curve refers to five- to 10-year bonds. And long-dated bonds are those with maturities of more than 10 years.
Most bonds are coupon bonds, but there are also zero-coupon bonds. The best-known zero-coupon bonds are US savings bonds. These pay the principal amount at maturity, alongside all the interest you would have earned.
Trading Bonds
Treasury markets are some of the most liquid markets around the world. As a result, bonds issued by governments are almost always used as the benchmark bond. On the global stage, the benchmark is the US, with everything else seen as a spread relative to the US.
The importance of benchmarks is not just limited to measuring a bond’s risk or return. Their levels also reflect the market’s view on interest rates, inflation, public-sector debt and economic growth. As such, there is a broad spectrum of investors, from short- to long-term institutional investors (e.g., banks and pension funds), and market makers to proprietary traders.
When an investor is said to be trading either bonds, rates or fixed income, they broadly mean the same thing. When an investor is said to be bullish bonds or long bonds, it means they expect the price of bonds to increase, which is equivalent to the yield going down.
Most investors do not hold a bond to its maturity. For the period that they do hold a bond, they will receive their coupon payments. But they can also make a profit or loss depending on how the price of a bond has changed, just like any stock.
The bond industry describes bonds in a standard form: the issuer name, coupon rate, maturity date or time to maturity, and the offering yield or price. For example, a 5.5% 1y US Treasury issued bond with price 105 would be ‘Treasury 5 1/2s, due 25/03/2023 at price 105’.
Pricing a Bond
The price of a bond is determined by (i) the accrued interest a buyer earns over the maturity of the bond and (ii) the final amount paid on the maturity date. To account for the fact money is worth more today than tomorrow, we need to take the present value of these terms. To do so, you just divide today’s amount by the amount of interest you would have accrued if it was in the bank (Table 1).
Price-Yield Curve
There is an inverse relationship between the price of bonds and bond yields. If we take the above example, but allow the yield to vary 1-10%, we can trace out the price-yield curve (Chart 1). The higher the yield, the lower the price, i.e., the curve is downward sloping.
Importantly, the Price-Yield curve is ‘curved’. This is related to the concept of convexity. The curvature increases as the maturity increases (Chart 2) and as the coupon rate decreases (Chart 3). However, it does not change as the par value changes (Chart 4).
Duration as a Measure of Risk
How will the price of a bond change as the market yield changes?
To answer this, we need to understand the concept of duration. Duration is a time measure of a bond’s (or fixed income portfolio’s) price sensitivity to interest rate changes. It measures how long it takes, in years, for an investor to be repaid the bond’s price by the bond’s total cashflows.
The simplest example of duration is for a zero-coupon bond. This type of bond does not pay any coupons; it only pays the principal and interest on maturity. Thus, for a 10-year zero-coupon bond, the cashflow will be outstanding for 10 years. This is equivalent to saying the duration is 10 years which, in the zero-coupon case, equals the time to maturity.
In the above example, an investor is said to be fully exposed to interest rate changes – any interest rate change will impact your entire cashflow. This is a special case, though. Time to maturity and duration are usually different. Most bonds pay regular coupons, which means part of the bond’s value is banked over time, reducing the bond’s exposure to interest rate changes.
To measure the drop in duration relative to the time to maturity, we simply need to account for these earlier coupon payments by weighting the cashflows and taking their present values (Table 2). Sticking with a 10-year bond, but with a coupon rate of 5% (accrued annually) and a market interest rate of 2%, the Macaulay Duration falls to 8.35 years (Table 2).
The fall in duration represents a fall in the bond risk – we have become less exposed to interest rate changes. In principle, duration is lower for (i) a shorter maturity date, (ii) a higher coupon rate, and (iii) a higher yield.
Duration and Expected Prices
So far, we have only discussed how duration reflects interest rate risk. So how can we use it to calculate bond price changes? For this, we can use modified duration. Modified duration is a better measure of bond risk, or bond volatility, because it measures the expected change in a bond’s price to a 1% change in interest rates.
In the above example, a 100bp fall in yields should lead to an 8.19% rise in the bond price. For a bond priced at $126.95, that is a $10.39 rise. So, the new estimated bond price is $137.34. We can run the same exercise for different basis point changes and graph them alongside the actual prices (Chart 5).
Two things emerge. First, the bond price predictions using duration are better for smaller changes in yields. In other words, the difference between the actual and predicted prices increases with larger yield changes. This has to do with convexity. Second, the duration prediction is symmetric – the predicted price adjustments for decreasing and increasing yields are the same.
Convexity in Bond Markets
The difference between the actual price and the expected price in Chart 5 exists because the actual yield curve is ‘curved’, while duration is a linear measure (i.e., the first derivative). We can think of convexity as a second derivative. It takes into consideration the level of the yield as well as the accelerating rate of change in the yield.
Convexity is often presented in years (Table 3). In the same way, we used duration to measure the approximate percentage change in a bond’s price, we can do the same for convexity. Combining the two gives a far lower error between the actual and expected price (Chart 6). Note that it does not remove all the error, though – a common misconception.
Duration and Profit and Loss
In practical terms, interest rate sensitivity is important for profit and loss (PnL). Typically, the lower the sensitivity/duration, the less changes in the interest rate will affect your PnL. As a rule of thumb, dividing duration by the change in yields will give an approximate impact on profitability.
In our example of a 10-year bond, duration was 8.19 (Table 2). If the yield rose 100bps to 3%, our rule of thumb gives us an 8% drop in the PnL. Graphically, we can show how the PnL changes with duration and the size of the basis point change (Chart 7). The larger the yield change and the higher the duration, the larger the losses. The losses are smaller when convexity is accounted for.
Bottom Line: Duration, Convexity and Bond Markets
Duration and convexity are important concepts. Trying to understand them requires perseverance. Perhaps the best way to learn is using examples in Excel, and that is why we have provided some short examples. For a more rigorous understanding, we recommend ‘Fixed Income Mathematics’ by Robert Zipf. We also have a YouTube video explaining some of the concepts described above.
FAQ
→ What is duration?
Duration is a time measure of a bond’s (or fixed income portfolio’s) price sensitivity to interest rate changes. It measures how long it takes, in years, for an investor to be repaid the bond’s price by the bond’s total cashflows.
→ What is convexity?
Convexity is a measurement of the degree of the curve (curvature) in the relationship between bond prices and bond yields. It is the second derivative of the price of the bond with respect to interest rates, whereas duration is the first derivative. Convexity accounts for the level of the yield and the accelerating rate of change in the yield.
Sam van de Schootbrugge is a Macro Research Analyst at Macro Hive, currently completing his PhD in international finance. He has a master’s degree in economic research from the University of Cambridge and has worked in research roles for over 3 years in both the public and private sector.